Parental Engagement in Schooling: A Survey of Secondary Schools in Kwara State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30631/ijer.v7i2.213Keywords:
Academic Level, Geographical Location, Parental Engagement, Schooling, School OwnershipAbstract
This study inquired about parental engagement (PE) in schooling focusing on secondary school students in Kwara State, Nigeria. The study also examined the existing differentials in parental engagements based on school type, geographical location and students’ academic level. To accomplish the objectives, descriptive research of a survey type of design was adopted. Multi-stage sampling procedure was utilized in selecting 1,296 students from 72 secondary schools. Questionnaire titled: “Parental Engagement Assessment Questionnaire” (PIAQ) was utilized as data collection instrument. Mean scores, standard deviation, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were statistical tools appropriately used in analysing the collected data. The key finding make known that, the general level of parental engagement in schooling among secondary school students in Kwara State was moderate (GM = 2.78), while level of PE differs based on school type (t-value = 4.121, p =.000), geographical distribution (F = 3.402, p = 0.001) and students’ academic level (F = 3.463, p = .001). The study concluded that, despite the moderate level of PE in secondary school students schooling, significant disparity exists based on school ownership, geographic/senatorial distribution and students academic level.
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References
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Amponsah, M.O., Milledzi, E.Y., Ampofo, E.T. & Gyambrah, M. (2018). Relationship between parental engagement and academic performance of senior high school students: The case of Ashanti Mampong Municipality of Ghana. American Journal of Educational Research, 6 (1), 1-8. doi: 10.12691/education-6-1-1.
Amuda, B.G., Alibe, H.G. & Mangari, D.D. (2019). Relationship between parental and peer group influence on academic performance of secondary students in Maiduguri metropolis. International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering, 9 (12), 106 – 117.
Antoine, D.R. (2015). The correlation between parental involvement and student academic achievement [Master of Natural Sciences thesis]. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. https://digitalcommons. lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/185
Ateş, A (2021). The relationship between parental involvement in education and academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11 (3), 50-66.
Atunde, M.O. & Aliyu, T. T. (2019). Prevalence, causes and management of indiscipline in public secondary schools: Ilorin Metropolis in focus. Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 3 (3), 85-94. DOI: 10.12691/jsa-3-3-1.
Ayeni, A. (2021). The impact of parental involvement on adolescents’ academic achievement in Nigeria [Doctoral thesis]. St. John's University, New York.
Azua, F.H. (2016). Relationship between peer influence, parental support and academic achievement of secondary school students in Giwa educational zone, Kaduna State [M.ED thesis]. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Bakar, N. A., Ayub, A. F. M., Ahmad, N. A., & Abdullah, S. I. S. S. (2021). Mathematics achievement: The relationship between student engagement, parental engagement, and peer influence. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(5), 496–513.
Berger. K.S. (2012). The developing person through childhood (6th Edn.). New York, NY: Worth Publisher.
Busari, A.O. & Hope, O.A. (2019). Peer influence and negative parental attitude as determinants of academic underachievement among secondary school adolescents in polygamous families in Lagos State. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 3 (9), 614 – 619.
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E. & Gaviria, J.L. (2015). Parental engagement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14(1), 33-46. Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/197431/.
Cheng, C. (2020). Duration matters: Peer effects on academic achievement with random assignment in the Chinese context. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 7 (2), 1 – 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-0114-0
Chowa, G., Masa, R., & Tucker, J. (2013). Parental Involvement’s Effects on Academic Performance: Evidence from the Youth Save Ghana Experiment. Center for Social Development, Washington University in St. Louis.
Cook, T. (2021). Parental involvement and its impact on student academic achievement. Journal of Graduate Education Research, 2. 19 – 24.
Danişman, Ş. (2017). The effect of parent engagement on student achievement. In: Karadag, E. (eds) The Factors Effecting Student Achievement. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56083-0_17
Darko-Asumadu, D.A. & Sika-Bright, S. (2021). Parental engagement and pupils’ academic performance in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana. Open Education Studies, 2021; 3: 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2020-0142
Dumoulin, C., Thériault, P. & Duval, J. (2014). Parents’ Opinions about Best Practices for Home and School Collaboration in Elementary Grade. La revue internationale de l’éducation familial, 36 (2), 117 – 140.
Ebuta, C.N. & Ekpo O. E. (2014). Influence of parental engagement on their children’s education and their academic achievement in English language. Global Journal of Educational Research, 13, 31-36 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v13i1.5
Ekiugbo, U.K. E. (2020). Influence of peer group and parental support in the teaching and learning of social studies in selected primary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 1 (1), 24 – 28.
Erdem, C. & Kaya, M. (2020). A meta-analysis of the effect of parental engagement on students’ academic achievement. Journal of Learning for Development, 7 (3), 367-383
Epstein, J.L. (1995). School/family/community partnership: Caring for the children we share. Phi Delta Kappan, 76 (9), 701 - 712
Epstein, J.L.., Sanders, M.G., Sheldon, S.B., Simon, B.S., Salinas, K.C., Jansorn, N.R., Van Voorhis, F.L., Martin, C.S., Thomas, B.G., Greenfeld, M.D., Hutchins, D.J. & Williams, K.J. (2019). School, family and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Fatimaningrum, A.S. (2021). Parental Engagement and Academic Achievement: A Meta-analysis. Psychological Research and Intervention, 4(2), 2021, 57-67. http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/pri
Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN, 2013). National policy on education. Yaba, Lagos: NERC Press.
Fernández-Alonso, R., Álvarez-Díaz, M., García-Crespo, F.J., Woitschach, P. &Muñiz, J. (2022). Should we help our Children with Homework? A Meta-Analysis Using PISA Data. Psicothema, 34 (1), 56-65. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2021.65
Fernández-Alonso, R., Álvarez-Díaz, M., Woitschach, P., Suárez-Álvarez, J. & Javier; C.M. (2017). Parental engagement and academic performance: Less control and more communication. Psicothema, 29 (4), 453-461
Govindaraj, S. & Anusudha, K. (2014). Parental engagement, self-control and academic achievementamong 9th standard students. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 3 (1), 88 – 95.
Grijalva-Quinonez, C. S., Valdes-Cuervo, A. A., Parra-Perez, L. G., & Garcia Vazquez, F. I. (2020). Parental engagement in Mexican elementary students’ homework: Its relation with academic self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, and academic achievement. Psicologia Educativa, 26(2), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.5093/psed2020a5
Hafiz, M.W.R., Tehsin, F., Malik, M.S., Muhammad, S. & Muhammad, A.K. (2013). Parental engagement and academic achievement; A study on secondary school students of Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 8 [Special Issue],209 – 223.
Higgins, S. & Katsipataki, M. (2015). Evidence from meta-analysis about parental involvement in education which supports their children’s learning. Journal of children's services, 10 (3), 280-290.
Johnson, P. (2016). Types of parental engagement and their effect on student mathematics in secondary education: attitudes, self-efficacy, and achievement [Starred Paper]. St. Cloud State University.
Johnson, B., Atunde, M.O. & Olaniyi, K.A. (2020). Strategies for improving the quality of education in contemporary Nigeria. Journal of Education, Science, Vocational and Language Research, 3 (1), 272 – 285.
Johnson, R.B. & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Jurado, M. (2014). Parental engagement impacting student academic success in AVID. Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado, 4 (2), 105 – 125. Available at: http://digscholarship. unco.edu/urj/vol4/iss2/11
Kim, S. W., & Hill, N. E. (2015). Including fathers in the picture: A meta-analysis of parental engagement and students’ academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(4), 919–934. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000023
Korir, D.K. & Kipkemboi, F. (2014). The impact of school environment and peer influences on students’ academic performance in Vihiga County, Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(1), 240 – 251.
Kothari, C.R. (2014). Research methodology: Methods and techniques (4th Ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers.
Kwara State Ministry of Education and Human Capital Development (2015). Annual school census report 2013 – 2014. Kwara State Government.
Lara, L. & Saracostti, M. (2019). Effect of parental involvement on children’s academic achievement in Chile. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:1 - 5. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg. 2019.01464
Liu, Y., Sulaimani, M. F., & Henning, J. E. (2020). The significance of parental involvement in the development in infancy. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 10, 161-166. https://doi.org/10.5590/JERAP.2020.10.1.11
Lindberg, E.N. & Güven, P. (2021). The impact of parental involvement and expectations on elementary school students' academic achievement. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 22 (1), 809-840. DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.888292
Maiya, S., Carlo, G., Gu’lseven, Z. & Crockett, L. (2020). Direct and indirect effects of parental involvement, deviant peer affiliation, and school connectedness on prosocial behaviors in U.S. Latino youth. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37 (10-11), 2898–2917. DOI: 10.1177/0265407520 941611
Mante, D. A., Maosen, L., Aboagye, K. O., &Darko, E. N. K. O. (2021). The influence of family structure on academic achievement in the Kwabre East Municipal Area, Ghana. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 220-242. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021. 912015
Martinez, A. (2015). Parent engagement and its effects on student academic achievement [M.A Ed thesis]. California State University, Stanislaus
Mishra, S.B. & Alok, S. (2011). Handbook of research methodology: A compendium for scholars & researchers. India: Educreation Publishing
Mohd Din, N., MohdAyub, A.F. & Tarmizi, R.A. (2016). Influence of parental involvement and peer support on mathematics engagement among Malaysian secondary school students. Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 10 (S), 175–185.
Muza, S.H., Aliero, B.U., Jega, Z.H. & Aliero, H. S. (2020). Relationship between peer group influence, parental psychological support and students’ academic performance in junior secondary schools in Jega Educational Zone, Kebbi State. Journal of Education and Practice, 11 (15), 105 – 110.
Naite, I. (2021). Impact of parental engagement on children’s academic performance at crescent international school, Bangkok, Thailand. 2021 IOP Conference Series: Earth Environmental Science, 690, 012064. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/690/1/ 012064
Onyeukwu, A.C. (2022). Influence of parental involvement and peer group on the academic performance of secondary school students in Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State [M.Ed thesis]. National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Saa`da, N. (2021). Parental involvement and self-regulated learning: The case of Arab learners in Israel. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 10 (2), 1-26. https://ojed.org/jise
Sasmoko, H., Lasmy, S., Indrianti, Y. & Khan, A. (2017). The Role of peer group, parental engagement and classroom climate on students’ achievement. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), 158, 583 – 588.
Sekiwu, D., & Kaggwa, V. T. (2019). Parent engagement in child education as a correlate of academic performance: Analyzing denominational secondary schools in Uganda. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(6) 52-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/ assrj.66.6628.
Serna, C. & Martínez, I. (2019). Parental engagement as a protective factor in school adjustment among retained and promoted secondary students. Sustainability, 11, 7080- 7092.doi:10.3390/su11247080
Shute, V.J., Hansen, E.G., Underwood, J.S. & Razzouk, R. (2011). A review of the relationship between parental engagement and secondary school students’ academic achievement. Education Research International, Article ID 915326, 1 – 10. doi:10.1155/2011/915326
Thornton, R. (2015). Parental engagement and academic achievement [Masters of Arts Capstone Projects]. Governors State University
Trentalange, J.J. (2019). Factors Associated with Parental Involvement in their Child's Education [Doctoral thesis]. Walden University
Wegayehu, E., Gebremedhin D. & Digvijay, P. (2020). Parental influence on students’ academic performance – A case study of Debre Berhan General Secondary School students, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Not Peer-Reviewed. DOI:10.20944/preprints 202006.0106.v1
Yieng, L.W.S., Katenga, J.E. & Kijai, J. (2019). The effect of parental support on academic performance among students at Asia-Pacific International University. Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, 7 (1), 1432-1453. https://doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.895
Zhou, L. (2015). A meta-analysis: The effects of parental engagement on Asian American children’s academic achievement [Master Thesis]. The University of Texas at Austin.
Ajagbe, O.A. (2018). Teachers’ perception on the causes of students’ poor academic performance in mathematics in selected public secondary schools in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area of Oyo State [PGDE Project]. National Teachers’ Institute, Kaduna. Nigeria.
Amponsah, M.O., Milledzi, E.Y., Ampofo, E.T. & Gyambrah, M. (2018). Relationship between parental engagement and academic performance of senior high school students: The case of Ashanti Mampong Municipality of Ghana. American Journal of Educational Research, 6 (1), 1-8. doi: 10.12691/education-6-1-1.
Amuda, B.G., Alibe, H.G. & Mangari, D.D. (2019). Relationship between parental and peer group influence on academic performance of secondary students in Maiduguri metropolis. International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering, 9 (12), 106 – 117.
Antoine, D.R. (2015). The correlation between parental involvement and student academic achievement [Master of Natural Sciences thesis]. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. https://digitalcommons. lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/185
Ateş, A (2021). The relationship between parental involvement in education and academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11 (3), 50-66.
Atunde, M.O. & Aliyu, T. T. (2019). Prevalence, causes and management of indiscipline in public secondary schools: Ilorin Metropolis in focus. Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 3 (3), 85-94. DOI: 10.12691/jsa-3-3-1.
Ayeni, A. (2021). The impact of parental involvement on adolescents’ academic achievement in Nigeria [Doctoral thesis]. St. John's University, New York.
Azua, F.H. (2016). Relationship between peer influence, parental support and academic achievement of secondary school students in Giwa educational zone, Kaduna State [M.ED thesis]. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Bakar, N. A., Ayub, A. F. M., Ahmad, N. A., & Abdullah, S. I. S. S. (2021). Mathematics achievement: The relationship between student engagement, parental engagement, and peer influence. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(5), 496–513.
Berger. K.S. (2012). The developing person through childhood (6th Edn.). New York, NY: Worth Publisher.
Busari, A.O. & Hope, O.A. (2019). Peer influence and negative parental attitude as determinants of academic underachievement among secondary school adolescents in polygamous families in Lagos State. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 3 (9), 614 – 619.
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E. & Gaviria, J.L. (2015). Parental engagement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14(1), 33-46. Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/197431/.
Cheng, C. (2020). Duration matters: Peer effects on academic achievement with random assignment in the Chinese context. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 7 (2), 1 – 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-0114-0
Chowa, G., Masa, R., & Tucker, J. (2013). Parental Involvement’s Effects on Academic Performance: Evidence from the Youth Save Ghana Experiment. Center for Social Development, Washington University in St. Louis.
Cook, T. (2021). Parental involvement and its impact on student academic achievement. Journal of Graduate Education Research, 2. 19 – 24.
Danişman, Ş. (2017). The effect of parent engagement on student achievement. In: Karadag, E. (eds) The Factors Effecting Student Achievement. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56083-0_17
Darko-Asumadu, D.A. & Sika-Bright, S. (2021). Parental engagement and pupils’ academic performance in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana. Open Education Studies, 2021; 3: 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1515/edu-2020-0142
Dumoulin, C., Thériault, P. & Duval, J. (2014). Parents’ Opinions about Best Practices for Home and School Collaboration in Elementary Grade. La revue internationale de l’éducation familial, 36 (2), 117 – 140.
Ebuta, C.N. & Ekpo O. E. (2014). Influence of parental engagement on their children’s education and their academic achievement in English language. Global Journal of Educational Research, 13, 31-36 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v13i1.5
Ekiugbo, U.K. E. (2020). Influence of peer group and parental support in the teaching and learning of social studies in selected primary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 1 (1), 24 – 28.
Erdem, C. & Kaya, M. (2020). A meta-analysis of the effect of parental engagement on students’ academic achievement. Journal of Learning for Development, 7 (3), 367-383
Epstein, J.L. (1995). School/family/community partnership: Caring for the children we share. Phi Delta Kappan, 76 (9), 701 - 712
Epstein, J.L.., Sanders, M.G., Sheldon, S.B., Simon, B.S., Salinas, K.C., Jansorn, N.R., Van Voorhis, F.L., Martin, C.S., Thomas, B.G., Greenfeld, M.D., Hutchins, D.J. & Williams, K.J. (2019). School, family and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Fatimaningrum, A.S. (2021). Parental Engagement and Academic Achievement: A Meta-analysis. Psychological Research and Intervention, 4(2), 2021, 57-67. http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/pri
Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN, 2013). National policy on education. Yaba, Lagos: NERC Press.
Fernández-Alonso, R., Álvarez-Díaz, M., García-Crespo, F.J., Woitschach, P. &Muñiz, J. (2022). Should we help our Children with Homework? A Meta-Analysis Using PISA Data. Psicothema, 34 (1), 56-65. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2021.65
Fernández-Alonso, R., Álvarez-Díaz, M., Woitschach, P., Suárez-Álvarez, J. & Javier; C.M. (2017). Parental engagement and academic performance: Less control and more communication. Psicothema, 29 (4), 453-461
Govindaraj, S. & Anusudha, K. (2014). Parental engagement, self-control and academic achievementamong 9th standard students. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 3 (1), 88 – 95.
Grijalva-Quinonez, C. S., Valdes-Cuervo, A. A., Parra-Perez, L. G., & Garcia Vazquez, F. I. (2020). Parental engagement in Mexican elementary students’ homework: Its relation with academic self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, and academic achievement. Psicologia Educativa, 26(2), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.5093/psed2020a5
Hafiz, M.W.R., Tehsin, F., Malik, M.S., Muhammad, S. & Muhammad, A.K. (2013). Parental engagement and academic achievement; A study on secondary school students of Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 8 [Special Issue],209 – 223.
Higgins, S. & Katsipataki, M. (2015). Evidence from meta-analysis about parental involvement in education which supports their children’s learning. Journal of children's services, 10 (3), 280-290.
Johnson, P. (2016). Types of parental engagement and their effect on student mathematics in secondary education: attitudes, self-efficacy, and achievement [Starred Paper]. St. Cloud State University.
Johnson, B., Atunde, M.O. & Olaniyi, K.A. (2020). Strategies for improving the quality of education in contemporary Nigeria. Journal of Education, Science, Vocational and Language Research, 3 (1), 272 – 285.
Johnson, R.B. & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Jurado, M. (2014). Parental engagement impacting student academic success in AVID. Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado, 4 (2), 105 – 125. Available at: http://digscholarship. unco.edu/urj/vol4/iss2/11
Kim, S. W., & Hill, N. E. (2015). Including fathers in the picture: A meta-analysis of parental engagement and students’ academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(4), 919–934. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000023
Korir, D.K. & Kipkemboi, F. (2014). The impact of school environment and peer influences on students’ academic performance in Vihiga County, Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(1), 240 – 251.
Kothari, C.R. (2014). Research methodology: Methods and techniques (4th Ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers.
Kwara State Ministry of Education and Human Capital Development (2015). Annual school census report 2013 – 2014. Kwara State Government.
Lara, L. & Saracostti, M. (2019). Effect of parental involvement on children’s academic achievement in Chile. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:1 - 5. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg. 2019.01464
Liu, Y., Sulaimani, M. F., & Henning, J. E. (2020). The significance of parental involvement in the development in infancy. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 10, 161-166. https://doi.org/10.5590/JERAP.2020.10.1.11
Lindberg, E.N. & Güven, P. (2021). The impact of parental involvement and expectations on elementary school students' academic achievement. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 22 (1), 809-840. DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.888292
Maiya, S., Carlo, G., Gu’lseven, Z. & Crockett, L. (2020). Direct and indirect effects of parental involvement, deviant peer affiliation, and school connectedness on prosocial behaviors in U.S. Latino youth. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37 (10-11), 2898–2917. DOI: 10.1177/0265407520 941611
Mante, D. A., Maosen, L., Aboagye, K. O., &Darko, E. N. K. O. (2021). The influence of family structure on academic achievement in the Kwabre East Municipal Area, Ghana. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 220-242. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021. 912015
Martinez, A. (2015). Parent engagement and its effects on student academic achievement [M.A Ed thesis]. California State University, Stanislaus
Mishra, S.B. & Alok, S. (2011). Handbook of research methodology: A compendium for scholars & researchers. India: Educreation Publishing
Mohd Din, N., MohdAyub, A.F. & Tarmizi, R.A. (2016). Influence of parental involvement and peer support on mathematics engagement among Malaysian secondary school students. Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 10 (S), 175–185.
Muza, S.H., Aliero, B.U., Jega, Z.H. & Aliero, H. S. (2020). Relationship between peer group influence, parental psychological support and students’ academic performance in junior secondary schools in Jega Educational Zone, Kebbi State. Journal of Education and Practice, 11 (15), 105 – 110.
Naite, I. (2021). Impact of parental engagement on children’s academic performance at crescent international school, Bangkok, Thailand. 2021 IOP Conference Series: Earth Environmental Science, 690, 012064. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/690/1/ 012064
Onyeukwu, A.C. (2022). Influence of parental involvement and peer group on the academic performance of secondary school students in Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State [M.Ed thesis]. National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Saa`da, N. (2021). Parental involvement and self-regulated learning: The case of Arab learners in Israel. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 10 (2), 1-26. https://ojed.org/jise
Sasmoko, H., Lasmy, S., Indrianti, Y. & Khan, A. (2017). The Role of peer group, parental engagement and classroom climate on students’ achievement. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), 158, 583 – 588.
Sekiwu, D., & Kaggwa, V. T. (2019). Parent engagement in child education as a correlate of academic performance: Analyzing denominational secondary schools in Uganda. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(6) 52-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/ assrj.66.6628.
Serna, C. & Martínez, I. (2019). Parental engagement as a protective factor in school adjustment among retained and promoted secondary students. Sustainability, 11, 7080- 7092.doi:10.3390/su11247080
Shute, V.J., Hansen, E.G., Underwood, J.S. & Razzouk, R. (2011). A review of the relationship between parental engagement and secondary school students’ academic achievement. Education Research International, Article ID 915326, 1 – 10. doi:10.1155/2011/915326
Thornton, R. (2015). Parental engagement and academic achievement [Masters of Arts Capstone Projects]. Governors State University
Trentalange, J.J. (2019). Factors Associated with Parental Involvement in their Child's Education [Doctoral thesis]. Walden University
Wegayehu, E., Gebremedhin D. & Digvijay, P. (2020). Parental influence on students’ academic performance – A case study of Debre Berhan General Secondary School students, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Not Peer-Reviewed. DOI:10.20944/preprints 202006.0106.v1
Yieng, L.W.S., Katenga, J.E. & Kijai, J. (2019). The effect of parental support on academic performance among students at Asia-Pacific International University. Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference, 7 (1), 1432-1453. https://doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.895
Zhou, L. (2015). A meta-analysis: The effects of parental engagement on Asian American children’s academic achievement [Master Thesis]. The University of Texas at Austin.
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